Daddy by sylvia plath Essay -- essays research papers fc

In the poem â€Å"Daddy†, Sylvia Plath says that there are women who, due to early conditioning, find themselves without the tools to deal with oppressive and controlling men. They are left feeling helpless and hopeless. For some women, the struggle is never resolved, others take most of a lifetime. For a lucky few, they are granted a reprieve. The speaker in this poem is Sylvia Plath. The poem describes her feelings of oppression and her battle to come to grips with the issues of this power imbalance. The poem also conjures the struggle many women face in a male dominated society. The conflict of this poem is male authority and control versus the right of a female to be herself, to make choices, and be free of male domination. Plath’s conflicts begin in her relationship with her father and continues with her husband. The intensity of this conflict is extremely apparent as she uses examples that cannot be ignored. The atrocities of NAZI’ Germany are used as symbols of the horror of male domination. The constant and crippling manipulation of the male, as he introduces oppression and hopelessness into the lives of his women, is equated with the twentieth century’s worst period. Words such as Luftwaffe, panzerman, and Meinkampf look are used to descibe her father and husband as well as all male domination. The frequent use of the word black throughout the poem conveys a feeling of gloom and suffocation. Like many women in society, we know that Plath felt oppressed and stifled throughout her life by her use of the simile â€Å"I have lived like a shoe for thirty years poor and white, barely able to breath or Achoo.† The use of similes and metaphors such as â€Å"Chuffing me off like a Jew. A Jew to Dachau, Auschwitz, Belson.† and â€Å"I think I may well be a Jew† clearly shows the feelings of anguished hopelessness and the ripping agony she must have felt. The agelessness of this poem is guaranteed as there will always be women who feel the same torture that is described. . Strong images are conveyed throughout the poem. The words â€Å"marble- heavy, a.bag full of God† conveys the omniscience of her father’s authority and the heaviness it weighed on her throughout her life. â€Å"The vampire who said he was you, and drank my blood for a year, seven years if you want to know† describe her husband and the ability of male power to strip a person of their own sen... ...trol extreme mood swings with ESB.(Coulman 679) While scientists continue to investigate exactly what electricity does to the human brain, they still use it as a form of therapy. ECT is administered annually to 100,000 Americans (Boodman 7). This inexpensive form of temporary relief is administered by the simple twist of a dial and is yet to be refined. These imperfections can make ECT an unpredictable and risky procedure that may even end lives. Still everyday, hundreds of desperate Americans give into these sometimes favorable artificial convulsions induced by electrical power. Works Cited Boodman, Sandra G. Shock Therapy...It’s Back. [Online] Available http://www.efn.org/-detron/electroshock/postshock.html Cauchon, Dennis. Stunningly Quick results often fade just as fast. [Online] Available   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.usatoday.com/life/health/lhs188.htm Coulman, James, ed. Abnormal Psychology and Normal Life. Illinois: Scott, Foresman and Company, 1964. No Author. Ban Shock: Shock Therapy- - it’s no good for the brain. [Online] Available   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.banshock.org/ Daddy by sylvia plath Essay -- essays research papers fc In the poem â€Å"Daddy†, Sylvia Plath says that there are women who, due to early conditioning, find themselves without the tools to deal with oppressive and controlling men. They are left feeling helpless and hopeless. For some women, the struggle is never resolved, others take most of a lifetime. For a lucky few, they are granted a reprieve. The speaker in this poem is Sylvia Plath. The poem describes her feelings of oppression and her battle to come to grips with the issues of this power imbalance. The poem also conjures the struggle many women face in a male dominated society. The conflict of this poem is male authority and control versus the right of a female to be herself, to make choices, and be free of male domination. Plath’s conflicts begin in her relationship with her father and continues with her husband. The intensity of this conflict is extremely apparent as she uses examples that cannot be ignored. The atrocities of NAZI’ Germany are used as symbols of the horror of male domination. The constant and crippling manipulation of the male, as he introduces oppression and hopelessness into the lives of his women, is equated with the twentieth century’s worst period. Words such as Luftwaffe, panzerman, and Meinkampf look are used to descibe her father and husband as well as all male domination. The frequent use of the word black throughout the poem conveys a feeling of gloom and suffocation. Like many women in society, we know that Plath felt oppressed and stifled throughout her life by her use of the simile â€Å"I have lived like a shoe for thirty years poor and white, barely able to breath or Achoo.† The use of similes and metaphors such as â€Å"Chuffing me off like a Jew. A Jew to Dachau, Auschwitz, Belson.† and â€Å"I think I may well be a Jew† clearly shows the feelings of anguished hopelessness and the ripping agony she must have felt. The agelessness of this poem is guaranteed as there will always be women who feel the same torture that is described. . Strong images are conveyed throughout the poem. The words â€Å"marble- heavy, a.bag full of God† conveys the omniscience of her father’s authority and the heaviness it weighed on her throughout her life. â€Å"The vampire who said he was you, and drank my blood for a year, seven years if you want to know† describe her husband and the ability of male power to strip a person of their own sen... ...trol extreme mood swings with ESB.(Coulman 679) While scientists continue to investigate exactly what electricity does to the human brain, they still use it as a form of therapy. ECT is administered annually to 100,000 Americans (Boodman 7). This inexpensive form of temporary relief is administered by the simple twist of a dial and is yet to be refined. These imperfections can make ECT an unpredictable and risky procedure that may even end lives. Still everyday, hundreds of desperate Americans give into these sometimes favorable artificial convulsions induced by electrical power. Works Cited Boodman, Sandra G. Shock Therapy...It’s Back. [Online] Available http://www.efn.org/-detron/electroshock/postshock.html Cauchon, Dennis. Stunningly Quick results often fade just as fast. [Online] Available   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.usatoday.com/life/health/lhs188.htm Coulman, James, ed. Abnormal Psychology and Normal Life. Illinois: Scott, Foresman and Company, 1964. No Author. Ban Shock: Shock Therapy- - it’s no good for the brain. [Online] Available   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.banshock.org/

Macbeth †Closing Address to the Jury, Prosecution. Essay

Good morrow esteemed lords and ladies of the court, it is within my regrets to tell you that our â€Å"noble† thane (of both Glamis and Cawdor) and King Macbeth has murdered our fair (late) King Duncan for his own traitorous and greedy purposes. Macbeth has betrayed his country and committed regicide, the highest form of sacrilege. The prosecution has found Macbeth guilty beyond a reasonable doubt, with several accounts of murder, manslaughter, attempted murder, one account of regicide and conspiring to murder. (accessory to murder) 😛 Macbeth is a murderous heathen, whom sought to heighten himself to the rank of King by betraying the country (already stated this), his King and god. An earlier witness; one of Macbeth’s â€Å"Loyal† servants, (the gentle woman) stated that he had heard Macbeth whispering â€Å"I go, and it is done. The bell invites me. Hear it not, Duncan, for it is a knell that summons thee to heaven or to hell.† Obviously scared of Macbeth’s murderous mind, the servant stayed quiet until now. There were more witnesses as of yesterday, as a cutthroat hired by Macbeth told the jury of the atrocities he had performed, before being dragged off to be executed. To quote; the murderer said â€Å"Macbeth threatened me with a certain death if I were to betray him. That was just a shimmer of the murderer within him.† The prosecution would also like to point out that straight after Duncan’s body was found, Macbeth killed the two intoxicated guards, blaming these poor innocent men for the murder, and also dispatching of two possible witnesses. Macbeth did also state â€Å"O, yet I do repent me of my fury, that I did kill them.† In stating â€Å"them†, Macbeth could have been referring to both the murdered slaves and our fair King Duncan. Macbeth also insinuated that the drunken guards murdered Duncan in his sleep, but if you look and think, and I am sure you are all intelligent Lords and Ladies, a drunken guard cannot harm more than a fly (people who are drunk are more likely to become very aggressive), as they would not be able to stand. In an earlier testimony, we called upon Lady Macbeth, who, when confronted with the evidence and questioning, cracked under pressure and confessed her hand in murdering Duncan. Lady Macbeth acknowledged Macbeth and herself plotting to murder Duncan, Banquo, and MacDuff’s wife and children. Macbeth also attempted to murder Fleance and MacDuff. A servant came forth and stated that Lady Macbeth had whispered to Macbeth â€Å"Infirm of purpose! Give me the daggers. The sleeping and the dead, are but as pictures. ‘Tis the eye of childhood, that fears a painted devil. If he do bleed, I’ll gild the faces of the grooms withal, For it must seem their guilt.† Lady Macbeth obviously did not know she was whispering loud enough for the Servant to hear. Unfortunately, Lady Macbeth has passed away now, taking her life before more answers arose. The defence earlier tried to state Macbeth was acting under the influence of three evil witches. They stated that the witches had told him â€Å"All hail, Macbeth, that shalt be king hereafter!† According to the defence, this justifies treason, heresy, murder and plotting against the crown. The court was lucky (luck is not a part of their nature) enough to get one of the Witches (Weird Sisters and they don’t listen to petty human demands and/or requests) in the room, whom stated that â€Å"Macbeth sought to murder King Duncan on his own accord; we witches merely stated he would be King.† The Witch denied fuelling Macbeth’s murderous tendencies. MacDuff, slayer of the late Macbeth, retold the account of his family’s murder, which was issued by Macbeth. He stated to the court that his wife and son were in the midst of talking when a murderer ( he wasn’t there when they were murdered he had heard news of it but never witnessed it ), sent by Macbeth shook the residence by declaring that he was a traitor. He stated that his son, a brave young lad, meant to protect his father’s name. His honourable son screeched at the Murderer, â€Å"Thou liest, thou shag-eared villain!† This was followed by a fatal stab to his son, in which Lady MacDuff ran, shouting murder. The villainous murderer sought after Lady MacDuff, who could not outrun the murderous lunatic. MacDuff was severely shaken during this testimony, for reasons obvious to the court. He also recounted the end of Macbeth, in affirming â€Å"I held his head†¦ I held the head  of the treacherous king. I had to do it; he slaughtered my family, my life! I regret to say I enjoyed it, enjoyed taking back what he took from me.† If this does not prove the guilt of Macbeth, I do not know what does. As the court can see, the mind inside of Macbeth was a sickening one, as he ordered the slaughter of innocent people, to secure his position as King. In all these dishonourable acts, I believe it is in the interest of the court to say that Macbeth is guilty of multiple accounts of treason, murder, attempted murder, manslaughter, regicide and heresy. I thank you, esteemed lords and ladies, for your time in this period of turmoil. May King Duncan rest in peace, and the wicked Macbeth burn for his crimes.

The Public Understanding of Science and the...

In our society science has always been prominent in our development and existence in one way or the other. We are surrounded by things we do not fully except, and sometimes not fully understand, and because of this in our current times a separation grows between the scientifically learned and the uneducated in science. In this essay I will discuss the overlapping effect and influence of the public understanding of science in the advancing world; As well as its prominent issues of the psychological outcomes in confrontational incidents involving opposing views in scientific relations. To help describe this complicated view of science I will be referring to the article written by Brian Wynne the Misunderstood misunderstandings: social†¦show more content†¦As well as the understanding of science one must observe the issue of trust. The relationship between the scientists and general public and in the articles cases the scientists and farmers, we will observe is uprooted and eve ntually leads to the breakdown of the presence of the dominant model in the scenario; providing an isolated and intriguing look at a breach in the standard view; And the result of it. Brian Wynne’s article covers closely the public interactions of science through the observation of the hill sheep farmers in England situated in the northern Lake District of Cumbria. It covers their dealings with the Chernobyl nuclear incident in 1986, and the effects of the fallout caused by the radioactive cloud that drifted over the rural area. The fallout deposited radioactive Caesium isotopes through the rain into the ground, in turn radiating the large sheep population situated in the northern farms of Cumbria, and outlying areas. The farmers quickly observed disconcerting changes in their flocks, and suspected the radiation from the Chernobyl explosion to be the culprit, and as a result asked for assistance from the scientific community. This however was quickly dismissed initially by the Scientists as being an easily solved situation, and yet after six weeks in June a ban was implemented. This ban prevented the transportation of live or slaughteredShow MoreRelatedThe Kitchen : A Scientist s View Of Genetically Modified Foods1063 Words   |  5 Pagesand Nancy Marie Brown’s Mendel in the Kitchen: A Scientist’s View of Genetically Modified Foods is a rich narrative describing the history, technology, and science of genetically modified foods and their implications for society today. Along the way, Fedoroff and co-author Brown use illustrative examples to dispel myths and misunderstandings about genetically modified foods. 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Organizations in healthcare are providing boundaryless organizations encouraging and managing a blur of boundaries to provide a better knowledge and understanding of a situation characterized by uncertainty. Organizations are promoting a resourceful outflow of information through the exchange of authority. Barriers that divide groups and isolate individuals from communic ating are allowing leaders the cooperationRead MoreWhy Should Students Learn Evolution912 Words   |  4 Pagesstudents learn evolution† by Brian J. Alters and Sandra M. Alters, I learned that evolution not only unifies all the areas of science but also permeates into other disciplines such as philosophy, psychology, literature, and the arts. It has had an extensive and expensive impact on human thought. â€Å"Evolution explains the why of nature and has practical considerations that affects day-to-day life†( Brain J, 36). For example, we need evolution to understand bacterial resistance to antibiotics. 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To further convince their customers, drug company used the doctors’ names such as â€Å"Mason and Pollard† and it was claimed efficient for â€Å"fever and ague, and all biliousRead MoreThe Current State Of Climate Awareness And Literacy1511 Words   |  7 Pages with such easy access to such data, there is still a lack of climate literacy and a mixed trust of climate scientists. The roots of this misunderstanding stem from what Dunlap (2013) calls an â€Å"organized disinformation machine† that has misappropriated scientific uncertainty as general uncertainty, playing off of the inherent complexities of the science and making it seem so complex that not even scientists can agree on whats going on. Backed up by special interests, like fossil fuel companies

Epic Tips For Getting Government Contracts - 857 Words

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Literature Review - 737 Words

LITERATURE REVIEWS This chapter summarizes the findings and gaps from the past research in order to establish the context for the proposed framework. Firstly, the existing studies that imply the influence of pavement roughness on mobile source emissions will be discussed. Secondly, the studies on existing emission models especially VSP based approach will be presented. Thirdly, the literature will find out the ongoing models to develop emission inventory for Texas roadways. And finally, the summary part will discuss the limitations of the existing studies in the context of Texas and the gaps in statistical measures. 2.1 Mobile Source Emission Measurements Considering Pavement Roughness Emissions from mobile sources can be estimated†¦show more content†¦Life cycle assessment (LCA) of pavement management systems have never been considered the energy consumption and emissions that resulted from different pavement maintenance and rehabilitation strategies to improve emission inventories. Some studies have illustrated that pavement roughness and friction factors with vehicle tires have changed over time generating more emissions and fuel consumption (Willis et al., 2015). Louhghalam et al. (2015) has developed a mechanical model and found that the energy dissipated in a vehicle suspension system due to pavement roughness affects rolling resistance, which increases FC and greenhouse gases (GHG) especially CO2 emissions (18). A case study by the U.S. Federal Highway Administration’s (FHWA) Long Term Performance Program (LTPP) showed the significant impact on fuel consumption (FC) with an increase of 30,000 gallons of fuel per mile over a 14-year test perio d due to pavement deterioration (19). Limsawasd et al. (2015) have developed a new model by considering the effect of pavement deterioration to analyze the rehabilitation of pavement surface to improve nation’s fuel economy to support transportation infrastructure decision-making. 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Endangered species Act Essay Example For Students

Endangered species Act Essay We have to put a stop to this and weaken the power that the Edangered Species Act has on us. People are getting laid off there jobs and millions of our tax dollars are being spent on the Endangered species Act Essay (ESA)all the time. Is it worth all of this for these endandered species. Must humans suffer and lose there jobs and houses over a few insects? Laws for the ESA are taking peoples property and fineing them because endangered species live on their property. A person is legally barred from using certain measures to protect his property from protected wild animals. The Migratory Bird Treaty Act and state hunting bans, involves protected birds that feed on private crops or forage. Another situation, arising under the ESA, involves protected predators (wolves, grizzly bears) that kill private livestock that people have to make a living on. These people can not do a thing because of the ESA. So what do they do Just let their live stock or crops get eaten up by these endangered species? The ESAs power is hurting us all the time. For enstance the construction of the San Bernardino Medical Center in California was delayed for years because of a large orange and black fly called the Delhi Sands flower-loving fly. In order for the Medical Center to be built the City of San Bernardino had to spend $3,310,199 so eight flies could live. The site of the Hospital had to be moved 250 feet from it origanal location. Then the City of San Bernardino had to spend another $480,000 for the study of the flies. I do not understand. These people rather help out flies then ourselfs. They wanted to make a medical center. A center to help people, humanbeingget better. But what do we care about more. Some Delhi Sands flower-loving fly. The ESA really target large property owners. In 1990 Brandt Child bought 500 acres of property in Utah. The next year in 1991, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service told him he he could not build on his own property because the lakes on it were inhabited by 200,000 federally protected thumbnail-sized Kanab ambersnails. Thats not all, After they found 10 domestic geeses near the lakes and ponds. They told Mr. Child that if any of the snails get eaten by the geese it was a $50,000 fine for every sail. Mr. Child to this day is still out $2. 5 million. Due to the fact that he cant use his property, and the government refuses to compensate him for his loss. Do you believe this is fair? How can you tell a man that he he cant not build on his own land because there are snails on his property. This is getting out of hand. How can poor Mr.Child controll what these geese on his property do. He should not be getting fined for geese eating these snails. He does not have any control over the geese. Its a part of mother nature. Eco-Terrorism or the destruction of property for an environmental cause, is also happing all of the time. Over 1400 incidents of eco-terrorism have been reported in the last decade. For instance on Oct. 23, 1998 The Earth Liberation Front, an environmental activist group, claimed responsibility for setting a series of fires at the Vail Mountain ski resort in Vail, Colo. The fires made over $12 million worth of damage. So that the resort would not build on the land that was inhabbitated by animals. There are 379 endangered animals and 595 endangered plants in America. There are also 272 threatened animals and plants. That mean there is 1246 different types of endangered or threatened species that can be on your property right now. .u6dcce6c8620f6f263f51d38ff2356894 , .u6dcce6c8620f6f263f51d38ff2356894 .postImageUrl , .u6dcce6c8620f6f263f51d38ff2356894 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6dcce6c8620f6f263f51d38ff2356894 , .u6dcce6c8620f6f263f51d38ff2356894:hover , .u6dcce6c8620f6f263f51d38ff2356894:visited , .u6dcce6c8620f6f263f51d38ff2356894:active { border:0!important; } .u6dcce6c8620f6f263f51d38ff2356894 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6dcce6c8620f6f263f51d38ff2356894 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6dcce6c8620f6f263f51d38ff2356894:active , .u6dcce6c8620f6f263f51d38ff2356894:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6dcce6c8620f6f263f51d38ff2356894 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6dcce6c8620f6f263f51d38ff2356894 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6dcce6c8620f6f263f51d38ff2356894 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6dcce6c8620f6f263f51d38ff2356894 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6dcce6c8620f6f263f51d38ff2356894:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6dcce6c8620f6f263f51d38ff2356894 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6dcce6c8620f6f263f51d38ff2356894 .u6dcce6c8620f6f263f51d38ff2356894-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6dcce6c8620f6f263f51d38ff2356894:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Why Did the Polls Get it Wrong in 1992? Essay Paper Which means you are liable at any time for the ESA to run down on you and take over your land and start fineing you just for owning property that an endangered species wants to live on. May sound crazy but it happens all the time. The ESA has the power to take control of peoples land when an endangered or threatened species is found on it. This ability to control how property is used makes the land owner an enemy. The result is that people who would otherwise help protect these species want to get rid of them. Instead the law could be changed by introducing methods of compensation for landowners who protect endangered species. this could include rental payments or protection bounties. .

Operations Management on Retail Banking free essay sample

An operation is composed of processes designed to add value by transforming inputs into useful outputs. Inputs may be materials, labor, energy, and capital equipment. Outputs may be a physical product (possibly used as an input to another process) or a service. Processes can have a significant impact on the performance of a business, and process improvement can improve a firms competitiveness. The first step to improving a process is to analyze it in order to understand the activities, their relationships, and the values of relevant metrics. Process analysis generally involves the following tasks: q Define the process boundaries that mark the entry points of the process inputs and the exit points of the process outputs. Construct a process flow diagram that illustrates the various process activities and their interrelationships. Determine the capacity of each step in the process. Calculate other measures of interest. Identify the bottleneck, that is, the step having the lowest capacity. We will write a custom essay sample on Operations Management on Retail Banking or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Evaluate further limitations in order to quantify the impact of the bottleneck. Use the analysis to make operating decisions and to improve the process. q q q q q Process Flow Diagram The process boundaries are defined by the entry and exit points of inputs and outputs of the process. Once the boundaries are defined, the process flow diagram (or process flowchart) is a valuable tool for understanding the process using graphic elements to represent tasks, flows, and storage. The following is a flow diagram for a simple process having three sequential activities: Process Flow Diagram http://www. netmba. com/operations/process/analysis/ (1 of 5)03/12/2011 12:10:39 PM Business Process Analysis The symbols in a process flow diagram are defined as follows: q Rectangles: represent tasks Arrows: represent flows. Flows include the flow of material and the flow of information. The flow of information may include production orders and instructions. The information flow may take the form of a slip of paper that follows the material, or it may be routed separately, possibly ahead of the material in order to ready the equipment. Material flow usually is represented by a solid line and information flow by a dashed line. Inverted triangles: represent storage (inventory). Storage bins commonly are used to represent raw material inventory, work in process inventory, and finished goods inventory. Circles: represent storage of information (not shown in the above diagram). q q q In a process flow diagram, tasks drawn one after the other in series are performed sequentially. Tasks drawn in parallel are performed simultaneously. In the above diagram, raw material is held in a storage bin at the beginning of the process. After the last task, the output also is stored in a storage bin. When constructing a flow diagram, care should be taken to avoid pitfalls that might cause the flow diagram not to represent reality. For example, if the diagram is constructed using information obtained from employees, the employees may be reluctant to disclose rework loops and other potentially embarrassing aspects of the process. Similarly, if there are illogical aspects of the process flow, employees may tend to portray it as it should be and not as it is. Even if they portray the process as they perceive it, their perception may differ from the actual process. For example, they may leave out important activities that they deem to be insignificant. Process Performance Measures Operations managers are interested in process aspects such as cost, quality, flexibility, and speed. Some of the process performance measures that communicate these aspects include: q Process capacity The capacity of the process is its maximum output rate, measured in units produced per unit of time. The capacity of a series of tasks is determined by the lowest capacity task in the string. The capacity of parallel strings of tasks is the sum of the capacities of the two strings, except for cases in which the two strings have different outputs that are combined. In such cases, the capacity of the two parallel strings of tasks is that of the lowest capacity parallel string. Capacity utilization the percentage of the process capacity that actually is being used. Throughput rate (also known as flow rate ) the average rate at which units flow past a specific point in the process. The maximum throughput rate is the process capacity. Flow time (also known as throughput time or lead time) the average time that q q http://www. netmba. com/operations/process/analysis/ (2 of 5)03/12/2011 12:10:39 PM Business Process Analysis a unit requires to flow through the process from the entry point to the exit point. The flow time is the length of the longest path through the process. Flow time includes both processing time and any time the unit spends between steps. q Cycle time the t ime between successive units as they are output from the process. Cycle time for the process is equal to the inverse of the throughput rate. Cycle time can be thought of as the time required for a task to repeat itself. Each series task in a process must have a cycle time less than or equal to the cycle time for the process. Put another way, the cycle time of the process is equal to the longest task cycle time. The process is said to be in balance if the cycle times are equal for each activity in the process. Such balance rarely is achieved. Process time the average time that a unit is worked on. Process time is flow time less idle time. Idle time time when no activity is being performed, for example, when an activity is waiting for work to arrive from the previous activity. The term can be used to describe both machine idle time and worker idle time. Work In process the amount of inventory in the process. Set-up time the time required to prepare the equipment to perform an activity on a batch of units. Set-up time usually does not depend strongly on the batch size and therefore can be reduced on a per unit basis by increasing the batch size. Direct labor content the amount of labor (in units of time) actually contained in the product. Excludes idle time when workers are not working directly on the product. Also excludes time spent maintaining machines, transporting materials, etc. Direct labor utilization the fraction of labor capacity that actually is utilized as direct labor. q q q q q Littles Law The inventory in the process is related to the throughput rate and throughput time by the following equation: W. I. P. Inventory = Throughput Rate x Flow Time This relation is known as Littles Law, named after John D. C. Little who proved it mathematically in 1961. Since the throughput rate is equal to 1 / cycle time, Littles Law can be written as: Flow Time = W. I. P. Inventory x Cycle Time The Process Bottleneck The process capacity is determined by the slowest series task in the process; that is, having the slowest throughput rate or longest cycle time. This slowest task is known as the bottleneck. Identification of the bottleneck is a critical aspect of process http://www. netmba. com/operations/process/analysis/ (3 of 5)03/12/2011 12:10:39 PM Business Process Analysis analysis since it not only determines the process capacity, but also provides the opportunity to increase that capacity. Saving time in the bottleneck activity saves time for the entire process. Saving time in a non-bottleneck activity does not help the process since the throughput rate is limited by the bottleneck. It is only when the bottleneck is eliminated that another activity will become the new bottleneck and present a new opportunity to improve the process. If the next slowest task is much faster than the bottleneck, then the bottleneck is having a major impact on the process capacity. If the next slowest task is only slightly faster than the bottleneck, then increasing the throughput of the bottleneck will have a limited impact on the process capacity. Starvation and Blocking Starvation occurs when a downstream activity is idle with no inputs to process because of upstream delays. Blocking occurs when an activity becomes idle because the next downstream activity is not ready to take it. Both starvation and blocking can be reduced by adding buffers that hold inventory between activities. Process Improvement Improvements in cost, quality, flexibility, and speed are commonly sought. The following lists some of the ways that processes can be improved. q Reduce work-in-process inventory reduces lead time. Add additional resources to increase capacity of the bottleneck. For example, an additional machine can be added in parallel to increase the capacity. Improve the efficiency of the bottleneck activity increases process capacity. Move work away from bottleneck resources where possible increases process capacity. Increase availability of bottleneck resources, for example, by adding an additional shift increases process capacity. Minimize non-value adding activities decreases cost, reduces lead time. Nonvalue adding activities include transport, rework, waiting, testing and inspecting, and support activities. Redesign the product for better manufacturability can improve several or all process performance measures.